What Dreams May Come Review Essay Example

What Dreams May Come Review Paper Essay on What Dreams May Come What awaits us after we die? Are all people simply disappear as if they never existed? Or will they continue to live, but only in a different world? I am holding one of the most famous books about life after death the creation of Richard Matheson What Dreams May Come » Im sure about this work is known to many.. If you have not read the book, you may have seen the same film Once there was a light on one happy family -. Ann, Chris and their children. They are very fond of each other, in Micah life harmony reigned. But sometimes Chris had a car accident and died. More precisely, this ended his earthly existence. Chris now lives in a paradise where all wishes come true, you only really want to. Hes trying to get used to a new form of life, music sorrow Anne will not let him. He wants to ease the suffering of his wife, to tell what they would be together again But all attempts to reach out to Chris loved to nothing lead. Unable to bear the grief, Anne commits suicide We will write a custom essay sample on What Dreams May Come Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Dreams May Come Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Dreams May Come Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Really now husband and wife can never be together, because the suicide of the soul should burn in hell? Or save your favorite Chris, because true love is all about? From this point the fun begins The plot of the book and the truth is very unusual and fascinating. There is only one thing its incredibly tightened. You keep waiting for that now something will happen, and the effect is almost not developed. But the interest is not lost. Readers holding something. Perhaps the interest in what still awaits us after Of course, What Dreams May Come a fantasy. But the truth none of the inhabitants of the earth do not know. I remember as a child first learned that there is death. I was afraid for a long time to fall asleep at night. I thought not wake up. I lay and looked at grandparents, listening, breathing or not. And yet, trying to calculate how much will to live But its so small digression. Having read the book, I definitely wanted to see the adaptation. Especially, all around we said, The film is simply gorgeous!, I cried when I saw it What kind of special effects . However, I am not inspired the film. Yes, hes dynamic book, in which a plus. However, there are pictures that moved me so much more. Maybe Im heartless? Or just no accounting for tastes no striking effects in the film, I also did not find. But this is natural. The film was a shot back in 1997. But, of course, not special effects. Just a picture I do not hooked. The book has left a great impression. But still it did not become one of the most popular, which leave a trace in the soul forever. As for whether I believe in life after death? Definitely yes. A man can not just disappear. But whether a person will be able to sometime during the life of at least one eye to look into the best of all worlds Quotes †¢ The life of each person this is a great book, consisting of episodes. Imagine all the moments of his life, listed one after the other and described in detail. Will dvadtsatitomnaya events encyclopedia -. At least †¢ The death just a continuation of life on another level .

Camera Essays

Camera Essays Camera Essay Camera Essay In these high tech times, it is not so difficult to find a solution: closed circuit television (CATV) cameras. Till even a few months ago, this was an expensive proposition. NO longer. Purchase is easy, you can buy them Off the shelf or even online. Global companies such as Alba, Axis and Busch offer good professional options, and now there are domestic brands such as Zoom and Godard as well. How do you go about the process? Here are some easy tips: LOCATION You may want to cover every possible square inch of your home, but remember, not every location really NEEDS a camera. And there are private paces you should avoid! A camera door phone for your front door, and one or two indoors for, say, your childs play area are sufficient. For the first, Alba rumen is an example. For the latter, a network camera from IT companies such as Idling, Fascia or Axis may be your solution. Speak to an expert to install this camera. FIXED OR MOVING Once you have zeroed in on the areas, the next big question is, what type of camera do you want? Broadly there are two types of cameras: fixed, and pan, tilt and zoom (OPT). There are sub-categories as well. Fixed cameras can only face one direction the one in which it is set up. If you want to change direction, it means having a go at it with some tools. If you want to change the location altogether, that means calling in the professional. OPT cameras come with a motorized base, which can be programmed to sweep an area. This it does by turning left and right alternately, like a table fan. It can also be remotely controlled to look somewhere specific and then zoom in. Fixed cameras are a good option for indoor use when you want to monitor specific sections. OPT cameras are good for places like your buildings driveway, where you want to put just one camera but want a wider coverage. WIRED OR WIRELESS? For basic monitoring, wireless cameras work well, but bayou are looking at a security solution for an entire building, wired may be the better alternative. Most wireless CATV cameras work on the 2. GHz Wife frequency, but since this band is getting congested, we recommend you choose a camera that works on a GHz frequency. On the wired front, you get TTY. 0 types of cameras, the legacy analog type that takes a co-axial cable (the same cable that is used to connect your satellite dish to your set top box) or an ether net cable. Ethernet-based cameras are slightly more expensive than co-axial nest, but you can control and access them directly using your smartened. Also, Ethernet cabling is easier installed.

Unit 8 Application 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Unit 8 Application 1 - Essay Example es in recruitment, include Medical/Healthcare, Engineering/Technical services, Information Technology, Professional positions, Executive positions and international Recruitment. However, clients who come up with staffing needs that the organization does not serve are not turned away, but it recruits specialists in that field on contract to undertake the recruitment for that specific organization. Being one of the leading recruitment agencies in US, the organization’s size comes with a total number of 28 staff members, who are involved in different functions in the organization. The organization also takes recruiters on contract during hiring, whenever the organization has inadequate recruiters (Heneman, Judge and Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012). Most of the employees in the organization are recruited directly by the organization from its large database of job seekers, which greatly minimizes recruitment costs for the organization. Most of the internal recruiters in the organization have different recruitment expertise and specializations to serve different client needs (Gully and Phillips, 2010). In this paper, the focus will be on the Senior Recruiter Job position at the USA Staffing Network, Inc. In order to get the right information and as much detailed as possible, it was important to take up a middle level or senior position in recruitment organization, which would provide the desired information in this study. Consequently, the Senior Recruiter Job position was a favorite choice. The choice of this job position is informed by the fact that it has a high responsibility at the organization and hence the person in-charge is very knowledgeable of the various function of the organization (Gully and Phillips, 2010). Further, the person has a wide experience working as a recruiter and hence will give a more detailed insight in to how recruitment and staffing organizations functions. The Senior Recruiter in a staffing organization is a crucial person in the core

Emotions in Romantic Relationships Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emotions in Romantic Relationships - Article Example The abstract written for this article is very comprehensive and provide a good idea about the article in a brief. Literature review in an article helps in understanding the strength of the work carried out in the current research and the level of expertise of the authors. Literature review also helps in refreshing and updating the knowledge of the readers on the topic in debate. While presenting any work carried out on the topic by the time researcher presents his/her research work should be unbiased. The authors should bring in the account all the positive and negative; supporting and opposing pieces of evidence. The writers have tried very hard to address important aspects of literature view. In this regard, the authors address all the related issues in sizable volume with greater understanding. They have discussed various attachment strategies at almost all levels and provided the existing evidence which analyzed these strategies from all aspects. The have discussed positive and negative partner behaviors as well as longitudinal developmental perspective to support their rationale. Under the current study section, the subjects is so much elaborated that the authors included some of the items which should come under methodology sections, like: measurement approach, and measurement at various age levels, placed under this section. In the methodology section, a detailed account is provided regarding the who... stage, why these proportions of ethnic representation enrolled, were there any inclusion criteria If some participants were removed, were there any exclusion criteria These criteria are very important for selecting the participants without any bias. In this section, the authors provided some of the findings of the current study: in strict sense these should go to the result section as these findings belong to the same study. Otherwise, in a very comprehensive way, the authors describe methodology. They focus all the outcome variables. Various emotional variables at different age levels have been described. In fact, they have tried their best to include all the important areas on which data were collected and analyses carried out. Literature review also moves the debate in the direction developing a well-built rationale for the research work which he / she wants to present. Researchers have addressed the issue of building a strong rationale very well. Next to rational, objectives of any research activity play an integral role. In fact, objectives are the sole reason for conducting any research work. At times objectives are developed by the researcher but their presentation may not be appropriate. A good objective should be a SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound) one (http://www.thepracticeofleadership.net/2006/03/11/setting-smart-objectives/). The authors of this article have not been able to describe the objectives properly and clearly. A single sentence with very hard and heavy language has been inserted in the section on introduction; rather it should have been presented visibly with simple and understandable language. Data management is a group of activities conducted right from the time of the data collection

Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case - Essay Example lifications: a manifestation of exemplary expertise on the governance of all functional responsibilities, including planning, organizing, directing and controlling relevant operational facets of the River Woods plant; possessing considerable charismatic power through exemplifying attractiveness in physical traits, behavior and interpersonal skills, to enable the new manager to effectively influence the subordinates; must have the ability, commitment and determination to do whatever it takes to possible get the identified plant objectives done; and must possess the appropriate ethical, moral and legal value system to perform within organizational policies and adhering to the expected code of conduct. The new plant manager should possess these qualifications, pursuant to the sources of personal power. Since the responsibilities and accountabilities follow a decentralized management structure where significant reliance on personal power would be instrumental in the success of the plant and that of the overall achievement of organizational goals, the ideal candidate should possess a holistic personality with exemplary academic and work experience, in conjunction with leadership skills that would enable him to lead and influence his subordinates to achieve the defined objectives. By looking at qualities that address expertise, attractiveness, positive behavior, and effort, the potential candidate for the position would surely be manifest traits and personal qualities that are needed to perform the responsibilities expected as the plant manager of River

Economy Of South Africa Economics Essay

Economy Of South Africa Economics Essay South Africas economy is the largest in Africa and is 24 of its GDP in terms of PPP.A quarter of the population is unemployed and real unemployment rate is 40. South Africa has a comparative advantage in agriculture, mining and various manufacturing products. It has shifted from a primary and secondary economy to an economy driven primarily by the tertiary sector which accounts for an estimated 65% of GDP. Its economy is reasonably diversified with key economic sectors including mining, agriculture and fishery, vehicle manufacturing and assembly, food-processing, clothing and textiles, telecommunication, energy, financial and business services, real estate, tourism, transportation, and wholesale and retail trade. The unemployment rate is over 25%, and the poor have limited access to economic opportunities. Including this many issues such as crime, have in turn hurt investment and growth, having a negative effect on employment. Crime is considered a major constraint on investment. South Africa has struggled through the late 2000s recession, and the recovery has been largely led by private and public consumption growth, while export volumes and private investment have yet to fully recover. The long-term potential growth rate of South Africa under the current policy environment has been estimated at 3.5%.Per capita GDP growth has proved mediocre, though improving, growing by 2.2% over the 2000-09 decade. This is a table of the trend of South Africas gross domestic product at market prices estimated by the  International Monetary Fund: Year GDP, USD bln US Dollar Exchange in early January Unemployment rate Per Capita Income,  % of USA 1980 80.547 0.8267 Rand 9.2 22.6 1985 57.273 2.0052 Rand 15.5 9.8 1990 111.998 2.5419 Rand 18.8 13.1 1995 151.117 3.5486 Rand 16.7 13.2 2000 132.964 6.1188 Rand 25.6 8.5 2005 246.956 5.6497 Rand 26.7 12.4 2010 363.655 7.462 Rand 24.9 15.5 2015 (fcast) 510.937 22.8 18.0 Economic overview of South Africa (Sector wise) Natural resources Mining has been the main driving force behind the history and development of Africas most advanced and richest economy. Large scale mining started with the discovery of a diamond on the banks of the Orange River in 1867 by Erasmus Jacobs and the subsequent discovery and exploitation of the Kimberley pipes. The Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the subsequent rapid development of the gold field are the biggest of all. Though minings contribution to the national GDP has fallen from 21% in 1970 to 6% in 2011, it represents 60% of exports. The mining sector accounts for up to 9% of value added. In 2008, the countrys estimated share of world platinum production amounted to 77%; kyanite and other materials, 55%; chromium, 45%; palladium, 39%; vermiculite, 39%; vanadium, 38%; zirconium, 30%; manganese, 21%; rutile, 20%; ilmenite, 19%; gold etc. It also accounted for nearly 5% of the worlds polished diamond production. The countrys share of world reserves of platinum metals amounted to 89%; hafnium, 46%; zirconium, 27%; vanadium, 23%; manganese, 19%; rutile, 18%; fluorspar, 18%. It is worlds third largest exporter of coal. Agriculture and food processing The agricultural industry contributes 10% of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts, as well as providing work for laborers and contributing 2.6% of GDP. Due to the aridity of the land, only 13.5% can be used for crop production. Agriculture sector face problems of increased foreign competition and crime. Maize production, which contributes to a 36% has also experienced negative effects due to climate change. South Africas critical exports include edible fruit and nuts, beverages, preserved food, tobacco, cereals, wool , miscellaneous food, sugar, meat, milling products and starch. Important imports include: cereals, meat, soya-bean oil cake, soya-bean oil and its fractions, tobacco, palm oil and its fractions, spices, coffee, tea, and preserved food. The competitive pressures from China and India resulted in decline of exports for the food, textiles and paper sub-sectors. Manufacturing The manufacturing industry contributes just 13.3% of jobs and 15% of GDP. Labor costs are low, and the cost of the transport, communications and general living is higher. The automotive industry is about 10% of South Africas manufacturing exports, contributes 7.5% to the countrys GDP. BMW, Ford, Volkswagen, Daimler-Chrysler, General Motors and Toyota all have production plants in South Africa and the large component manufacturers are Arvin Exhaust, Bloxwitch, Corning and Senior Flexonics. Companies producing in South Africa can take advantage of low production costs and access to new markets due to trade agreements with the European Union and the Southern African Development Community. Service industry Telecommunications infrastructure provides efficient service to urban areas as to cellular and internet services. In 1997, Telkom, was partly privatised and entered into a strategic equity partnership with SBC, a U.S. telecommunications company. In exchange of providing certain services for 5 years, Telkom assumed an obligation to facilitate network modernisation and expansion into the unserved areas. Five companies provides service to 20 million subscribers and South Africa considered to have the 4th most advanced mobile telecommunications network worldwide. Business process outsourcing South Africa and particularly the Cape Town region established itself as a successful Call center and business process outsourcing destination with a highly talented pool of productive labor. The Carphone warehouse, Delta airlines and others have established inbound call centers within Cape Town as a means of utilizing Cape Towns low labor costs and talented labor. Tourism South Africa is a popular tourist destination, with around 860,000 arrivals per month. Revenue equaling between 1% and 3% of GDP is generated by the tourism industry. Among the main attractions are the picturesque culture, the game reserves and local wines. Financial services The country has a sophisticated financial structure with the JSE Securities Exchange, a large and active stock exchange in terms of total market capitalization as of March 2009. The banking industry regulated by the South African Reserve Bank is dominated by four local players: Nedbank, ABSA, Standard Bank and First Rand. Banks operating in South Africa, when left with short of liquidity, need to borrow from the SARB at a fluctuating repo rate. Income Distribution South Africa is affected by vast differences in incomes and wealth. The high level of overall income inequality has accentuated: the countrys Gini coefficient increased by four percentage points, and income has concentrated in the top decile. Rural poverty rates remain higher than those in urban areas, urban poverty rates are rising and rural rates seem to be falling. Between-race inequality also remains a central issue and many blacks in the country still live in poverty. National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) data suggests that 47% of South Africans live below the poverty line: 56% of blacks live in poverty compared to 2% of whites. Human Poverty Index ranked South Africa 85 out of 135 countries. A 2011 study published by the University of Cape Town found that nearly 40% are black, where this group had once been almost exclusively white. While only 29% of the absolute wealthiest South Africans are black, this jumps to 50% among the entry-level. Current Economic scenario Trends: Monetary Policy   The primary objective of monetary policy in the country is to achieve and maintain price stability and balanced economic development. Price stability reduces uncertainty and therefore, provides a favourable environment for growth and employment. Moreover low inflation contributes to the protection of the purchasing power of all South Africans specially poor. The Bank has full operational autonomy. Monetary policy is set by the Banks Monetary Policy Committee,  which conducts monetary policy within a flexible  inflation-targeting framework and  it allows for inflation to be out of the target range as a result of first-round effects of a supply shock. This flexibility does not relieve the Bank of its responsibility with respect to returning inflation to within the target range but allows for interest rate smoothing over the cycle. GDP Growth Rate of South Africa GDP % (Yearly) Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 GDP % 0.6 3 2.6 3 1.9 3.5 4.9 5 5.1 3.1 -1.8 2.8 3.1 Inflation Rate of South Africa Inflation rate (consumer prices) (%) Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Inflation rate 5.5 5.3 5.8 9.9 5.9 4.5 4 5 6.5 11.3 7.2 4.5 5 Unemployment Rate of South Africa Unemployment rate (%) Year 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Unemployment rate (%) 30 30 37 37 26.2 26.6 25.5 24.3 22.9 24 23.3 24.9 Imports of South Africa Imports (Billion $) Year 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Imports 26 27.6 28.1 26.6 33.89 39.42 52.97 61.53 90.57 66.01 77.04 102.6 Exports of South Africa Exports (Billion $) Year 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Export 28 30.8 32.3 31.8 36.77 41.97 50.91 59.15 86.12 66.54 76.86 104.5 Foreign Exchange rates in South Africa (Dec., 2012) Tthe comparison of South African rand with top ten countries as per trade. South African Rand 1.00 ZAR inv. 1.00 ZAR Euro 0.087595 11.416206 US Dollar 0.114545 8.730185 British Pound 0.071077 14.06928 Indian Rupee 6.204247 0.16118 Australian Dollar 0.109217 9.156089 Canadian Dollar 0.11348 8.8121 Emirati Dirham 0.420736 2.37679 Swiss Franc 0.106176 9.418325 Chinese Yuan Renminbi 0.71349 1.401561 Malaysian Ringgit 0.349072 2.864742 foreign Direct investment Foreign direct investment flows to South Africa from 43.6% in the first half of 2012 compared to the same period last year, while FDI rose by 5%. The decline in FDI to Africas biggest economy came amid an 8% drop in global FDI inflows because of heightened global economic uncertainty. The report said FDI inflows to South Africa fell to $1.7-billion in the first six months of 2012 , reflecting sluggish domestic economic growth as well as a slowdown in developed economies. The IMF forecasts South African GDP growth of 2.6% this year, and recently cut its 2013 growth forecast to 3% from a July projection of 3.3%, due to its close links to struggling Europe. The IMF has also trimmed its 2012 forecast for Africa to 5% from 5.4% but raised its projection for 2013 to 5.7% from 5.3%. SOUTH AFRICA BALANCE OF TRADE C:UsersMicrosenseDesktopsouth-africa-balance-of-trade.png SOUTH AFRICA INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION C:UsersMicrosenseDesktopsouth-africa-industrial-production.png Industrial Production in South Africa increased 2.50 percent in October of 2012 over the same month in the previous year. Industrial Production in South Africa is reported by the Statistics South Africa. In South Africa, industrial production measures the output of businesses integrated in industrial sector of the economy such as manufacturing, mining, and utilities.

Controversial Television Advertising Essay -- TV Media

Controversial Television Advertising We all know from our personal experience that one person’s idea of something offensive often differs from another’s. This essay is to determine the consequences towards negative advertising towards certain controversial products/services and why they are so offensive. All major media organizations need advertising to exist, that's how they pay their bills. At the same time, though, each organization sets its own advertising standards. Some ads a media company will simply refuse to accept (Peart, Karen N). Concerns have been raised about Beer advertising, Cigarette advertising, Sex advertising, Political advertising, and food advertising to children. Alcohol advertising is a primary concern for many Americans who believe that alcohol advertising in media directly influences the frequency of underage drinking. While drinking among youth and young adults has declined over the last six years, a recent study by the Justice Department found that 25% of 15-17 year olds said they drink. Junior and senior high school students drink 35% wine coolers, and consume 1.1 billion cans of beer annually. An alcoholic beverage industry sponsored poll of parents found that 73% of respondents believed that alcoholic beverage advertising is a major contributor to underage drinking (Century Council, 1990). It is also one of the most heavily advertised products in the United States. The alcohol industry generates more than $65 billion a year in revenue and spends more than $1 billion a year on advertising. The advertising budget for one beer -- Budweiser -- is more than the entire federal budget for research on alcoholism and alcohol use. Unfortunately , young people and heavy drinkers are the primary targets of... ...udewijn de Blij. (06/07/2006). Tobacco advertising www.factsheets.globalink.org Nick Higham, BBC media correspondent (04). Confusion over junk food ads. Dr. Joseph Mercola with Rachael Droege (05). Four Ways Junk Food Marketing Targets Your Kids Wikipedia. Sex in Advertising. Pediatric Studies Link TV Advertising with 'Global Fattening' (March 29, 2006) Campaign for Tobacco free kids. â€Å"Still Targeting kids† www.tobaccofreekids.org Christopher Gilson & Harold Berkman (1980). Advertising. Shanto Iyengar & Markus Prior (June 1999). Political Advertising. Gregory Rose, Victoria Bush, & Lynn Kahle (1998). Journal of Advertising Wayne Friedman (2/2006). Courting Kids, Networks Aim Younger. David Waller, Kim Fam, & Zafer Erdogan (2005) The Journal of Consumer Marketing. Vol. 22 Breast for Success. Dahila Lithwick (2004)

East of Eden Biblical Allusions

Parker Hoshizaki Tully English 2 (H) 10; 1 10/5/2003 Cain and Abel: The Symbolic Trio of Pairs â€Å"Why are you so angry? Why is your face downcast? If you do what is right, will you not be accepted? † so flows verse 7, genesis 4. In John Steinbecks novel, East of Eden several allusions are made to the biblical story of Cain and Abel, the most significant of which revolves around the idea of â€Å"timshel:† which is embodied within this quotation. Repeated through the two generations the novel spans are three examples of this, patterned first by Charles and his brother Adam, then through Adam and his troubled wife Cathy, and finally through the aforementioned couples offspring Aron and the controversial character Caleb (Cal). The vicious cycle of Cain against Abel, Brother against Brother, in the Trask family destroys these generations and yet a glimmer of hope remains through the idea of â€Å"Timshel†. Moving chronologically, Adam and Charles are the first Cain and Abel pairing in the novel. Logically, they show the closest parallelism to the original story; this parallelism can be drawn down to three main events in the storyline. The first of these events is the acceptance and denial, respectively, of gifts presented by Adam and Charles to their father, the god figure in their version of the story. This event is followed by the attempted murder of Adam by his own brother Charles, as a direct result of the previous incident. The third event is much later in the story, as Charles is trying to move a large boulder with a crowbar he slips and cuts his forehead, an injury that will leave a large scar symbolic of the mark the Lord put upon Cain after Abels murder. The second pairing in the symbolic Cain and Abel trio is that of Cathy and Adam. Cathy and Adam are an unusual Cain and Able pairing in East of Eden but are important nonetheless. The pairing of Cathy and Adam does not express its symbolisms through key events like the other two do; instead they are expressed more through their personalities then their actions. Cathy symbolizes all the most evil parts of the biblical Cain, all the evil and malice that he possessed is expressed through Cathys malicious personality. Meanwhile the innocent and happily-in-love Adam is symbolic of the purity and contentment of the Abel; that is, up until the climactic shooting of Adam by Cathy marking the end of this Cain and Abel pairing. Before introducing the third pairing there is an important character that must be analyzed. Known simply as Lee, Adams highly educated Chinese manservant is a key character in the symbolic Cain and Able cycle. After being assaulted by his wife, Adam is bedridden and empty; at this point Lee begins to act as a caretaker for his employer, looking after him and caring for his twin sons Cal and Aron. Thus it is fitting that Lee should be the one to counsel Cal in his most vulnerable moment, and plant the seed of hope in his mind. In respect to the novel, Lee serves primarily as a physical embodiment of the idea of individual ability and freedom, he preaches this to Cal through the idea of â€Å"Timshel†, a Hebrew word meaning â€Å"thou mayest†. Lee believes that Cal is not inherently evil, is not destined to follow the same path as his ancestors, and has a choice as to how he will lead his life. The third Cain and Abel pairing and perhaps the most important one is, ironically, that of Adams twin boys, Caleb and Aron. The biblical symbolism of Cal and Arons generation is simultaneously the most unusual and the most significant to the novel. With this third example returns three symbols of the original story. First is the two gifts, and once again the symbolic Abels gift is accepted while the symbolic Cains is denied, a repetition of Adams fathers favoritism. Following this event Caleb is so enraged he tells the emotionally fragile Aron of their mothers’ true identity, a whore employed in a brothel. So emotionally affected by this is Aron that he runs away and joins the army the following day. Aron is later killed in the war thus fulfilling the second symbolic Cain and Abel event. The final and most significant event in the novel is the next step in the Cain and Abel story, the marking of Cain. Cal is horribly disturbed by what he has caused his brother to do, and he is convinced that he has inherited his mothers’ evil blood and is destined for a life of evil. However through the timely and wise council of Lee, he is made to ask his father, his god, for a blessing. To which Adam responds with a single word, Timshel, symbolically breaking the families’ vicious cycle of Cain and Abel pairings. If you do not do what is right, sin is crouched at your door; it desires to have you, but you must master it. † (Genesis 4, Verse 7). Thus ends the cruel cycle of blood and malcontent that plagued the Trask family. Armed with the belief of Timshel given to Cal by Lee one may see that there is hope for the final Cain character in the book, that he may not be bound by blood and by history to be evil and that he may gain the freedom to blaze his own path i nto a future unmarred by his past.

The Effect of Caffeine on Reactions

The Effect of Caffeine on Reactions SC 1-The Effect of Caffeine on ReactionsVariables1. Sugar taken2. Exercise3. Activity4. Food taken5. PulsePredictionI will be investigating the pulse before and after taking coke, which contains caffeine. I predict that as you take caffeine it will speed up your reactions. I think this will happen because caffeine is a stimulant. This drug increases the blood pressure and stimulates the central nervous system, this also stimulates the action of the heart and lungs. This stimulant speeds up the nervous system and excites it which increases the alertness. In the nervous system there are gaps called synapses and this decides which choice of action you want to take. This drug speeds up the chemical transmission across the synapses so you are more alert and keeps you awake.PlanFor this experiment I would need: -For this experiment I will take my pulse and record it, I will then fill up my cup with coke (170ml) and drink it down.The effect of caffeine on spider web constructionI will then wait 15 minutes using the stop-clock to time it, whilst sitting down quietly. I will then take my pulse again and I will record it. I will then see the difference in the pulse rate. Also I will test my reactions on the computer before and after I drink the coke. I will also see the difference between the reaction times.I will make sure that the test is faire by using the stop-clock to time fifthteen minutes. Also to make it faire I will compare my results will others. There is also going to be a control and someone will be testing decaffeinated coke.There will be factors that will effect the test, like the test will be after dinner so I have to watch out about what I...

Religion vs Ethics Essays

Religion vs Ethics Essays Religion vs Ethics Essay Religion vs Ethics Essay Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics return to religion-online Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics by Reinhold Niebuhr One of the foremost philsophers and theologians of the twentieth century, Reinhold Niebuhr was for many years a Professor at Union Theological Seminary, New York City. He is the author of many classics in their field, including The Nature and Destiny of Man, Moral Man and Immoral Society, The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, and Discerning the Signs of Our Times. He was also the founding editor of the publication Christianity and Crisis. Published in 1932 by Charles Scribners Sons. This material was prepared for Religion Online by Ted and Winnie Brock. In this classic study, Niebuhr draws a sharp distinction between the moral and social behavior of individuals versus social groups national, racial, and economic. He shows how this distinction then requires political policies which a purely individualistic ethic will necessarily find embarrassing. Introduction The inferiority of the morality of groups to that of individuals is due in part to the difficulty of establishing a rational social force which is powerful enough to cope with the natural impulses by which society achieves its cohesion; but in part it is merely the revelation of a collective egoism, compounded of the egoistic impulses of individuals, which achieve a more vivid expression and a more cumulative effect when they are united in a common impulse than when they express themselves separately and discreetly. Chapter 1: Man and Society: The Art of Living Together History is a long tale of abortive efforts toward the desired end of social cohesion and justice in which failure was usually due either to the effort to eliminate the factor of force entirely or to an undue reliance upon it. Chapter 2: The Rational Resources of the Individual for Social Living The traditions and superstitions, which seemed to the eighteenth century to be the very root of injustice, have been eliminated, without checking the constant growth of social injustice. Yet the men of learning persist in their hope that more intelligence will solve the social problem. They may view present realities quite realistically; but they cling to their hope that an adequate pedagogical technique will finally produce the socialised man and thus solve the problems of society. file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitem=415. htm (1 of 4) [2/4/03 12:43:52 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics Chapter 3: The Religious Resources of the Individual for Social Living If the recognition of selfishness is prerequisite to the mitigation of its force and the diminution of its antisocial consequences in society, religion should be a dominant influence in the socialisation of man; for religion is fruitful of the spirit of contrition. Chapter 3: The Religious Resources of the Individual for Social Living If the recognition of selfishness is prerequisite to the mitigation of its force and the diminution of its antisocial consequences in society, religion should be a dominant influence in the socialisation of man; for religion is fruitful of the spirit of contrition. Chapter 4: The Morality of Nations A discussion of the moral characteristics of a nation and the reasons for the selfishness and hypocrasy found therein. Chapter 4: The Morality of Nations A discussion of the moral characteristics of a nation and the reasons for the selfishness and hypocrasy found therein. Chapter 5: The Ethical Attitudes of Privileged Classes The prejudices, hypocrisies and dishonesties of the privileged and ruling classes is analyzed. The moral attitudes of dominant and privileged groups are characterised by universal selfdeception and hypocrisy. Chapter 5: The Ethical Attitudes of Privileged Classes The prejudices, hypocrisies and dishonesties of the privileged and ruling classes is analyzed. The moral attitudes of dominant and privileged groups are characterised by universal selfdeception and hypocrisy. Chapter 6: The Ethical Attitudes of the Proletarian Class If we analyse the attitudes of the politically self-conscious worker in ethical terms, their most striking characteristic is probably the combination of moral cynicism and unqualified equalitarian social idealism which they betray. The industrial worker has little confidence in the morality of men; but this does not deter him from projecting a rigorous ethical ideal for society. The effect of this development of an industrial civilisation is vividly revealed in the social and political attitudes of the modern proletarian class. These attitudes have achieved their file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitem=415. htm (2 of 4) [2/4/03 12:43:52 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics authoritative expression and definition in Marxian political philosophy. Chapter 6: The Ethical Attitudes of the Proletarian Class If we analyse the attitudes of the politically self-conscious worker in ethical terms, their most striking characteristic is probably the combination of moral cynicism and unqualified equalitarian social idealism which they betray. The industrial worker has little confidence in the morality of men; but this does not deter him from projecting a rigorous ethical ideal for society. The effect of this development of an industrial civilisation is vividly revealed in the social and political attitudes of the modern proletarian class. These attitudes have achieved their authoritative expression and definition in Marxian political philosophy. Chapter 7: Justice Through Revolution Difficult as the method of revolution is for any Western industrial civilisation, it must not be regarded as impossible. The forces which make for concentration of wealth and power are operative, even though they do not move as unambiguously as the Marxians prophesied. Chapter 7: Justice Through Revolution Difficult as the method of revolution is for any Western industrial civilisation, it must not be regarded as impossible. The forces which make for concentration of wealth and power are operative, even though they do not move as unambiguously as the Marxians prophesied. Chapter 8: Justice Through Political Force The group, which feels itself defrauded of its just proportion of the common wealth of society, but which has a measure of security and therefore does not feel itself completely disinherited, expresses its political aspirations in a qualified Marxism in which the collectivist goal is shared with the more revolutionary Marxians, but in which parliamentary and evolutionary methods are substituted for revolution as means of achieving the goal. Chapter 8: Justice Through Political Force The group, which feels itself defrauded of its just proportion of the common wealth of society, but which has a measure of security and therefore does not feel itself completely disinherited, expresses its political aspirations in a qualified Marxism in which the collectivist goal is shared with the more revolutionary Marxians, but in which parliamentary and evolutionary methods are substituted for revolution as means of achieving the goal. Chapter 9: The Preservation of Moral Values in Politics If coercion, self-assertion and conflict are regarded as permissible and necessary instruments of social redemption, how are perpetual conflict and perennial tyranny to be avoided? file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitem=415. htm (3 of 4) [2/4/03 12:43:52 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics Chapter 9: The Preservation of Moral Values in Politics If coercion, self-assertion and conflict are regarded as permissible and necessary instruments of social redemption, how are perpetual conflict and perennial tyranny to be avoided? Chapter 10: The Conflict Between Individual and Social Morality The conflict between ethics and politics is made inevitable by the double focus of the moral life. One focus is in the inner life of the individual, and the other in the necessities of mans social life. From the perspective of society the highest moral ideal is justice. From the perspective of the individual the highest ideal is unselfishness. 31 file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitemid=415. htm (4 of 4) [2/4/03 12:43:52 PM] Religion-Online religion-online. org Full texts by recognized religious scholars More than 1,500 articles and chapters. Topics include Old and New Testament, Theology, Ethics, History and Sociology of Religions, Comparative Religion, Religious Communication, Pastoral Care, Counselling, Homiletics, Worship, Missions and Religious Education. site map (click on any subject) THE SITE THE BIBLE About Religion Online Copyright and Use A Note to Professors THEOLOGY Authority of the Bible Theology Old Testament Ethics New Testament Missions Comparative Religion Bible Commentary Religion and Culture History of Religious Thought RELIGION COMMUNICATION Communication Theory Communication in the Local Church Communication and Public Policy Media Education THE LOCAL CHURCH The Local Congregation Pastoral Care and Counseling Homiletics: The Art of Preaching Religious Education SEARCH Search Religion Online Church and Society Sociology of Religion Social Issues BROWSE Books Index By Author Index By Recommended Sites Category A member of the Science and Theology Web Ring [ Previous | Next | Random Site | List Sites ] file:///D:/rb/index. htm [2/4/03 12:43:55 PM] RELIGION SOCIETY Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics return to religion-online Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics by Reinhold Niebuhr One of the foremost philsophers and theologians of the twentieth century, Reinhold Niebuhr was for many years a Professor at Union Theological Seminary, New York City. He is the author of many classics in their field, including The Nature and Destiny of Man, Moral Man and Immoral Society, The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, and Discerning the Signs of Our Times. He was also the founding editor of the publication Christianity and Crisis. Published in 1932 by Charles Scribners Sons. This material was prepared for Religion Online by Ted and Winnie Brock. Introduction The thesis to be elaborated in these pages is that a sharp distinction must be drawn between the moral and social behavior of individuals and of social groups, national, racial, and economic; and that this distinction justifies and necessitates political policies which a purely individualistic ethic must always find embarrassing. The title Moral Man and Immoral Society suggests the intended distinction too unqualifiedly, but it is nevertheless a fair indication of the argument to which the following pages are devoted. Individual men may be moral in the sense that they are able to consider interests other than their own in determining problems of conduct, and are capable, on occasion, of preferring the advantages of others to their own. They are endowed by nature with a measure of sympathy and consideration for their kind, the breadth of which may be extended by an astute social pedagogy. Their rational faculty prompts them to a sense of justice which educational discipline may refine and purge of egoistic elements until they are able to view a social situation, in which their own interests are involved, with a fair measure of objectivity. But all these achievements are more difficult, if not impossible, for human societies and social groups. In every human group there is less reason to guide and to check impulse, less capacity for self-transcendence, less ability to comprehend the needs of others and therefore more unrestrained egoism than the individuals, who compose the group, reveal in their personal relationships. The inferiority of the morality of groups to that of individuals is due in part to the difficulty of establishing a rational social force which is powerful enough to cope with the natural impulses by which society achieves its cohesion; but in part it is merely the revelation of a collective egoism, compounded of the egoistic impulses of individuals, which achieve a more vivid expression and a more cumulative effect when they are united in a common impulse than when they express themselves separately and discreetly. file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. ll-action=showitem=1=415. htm (1 of 8) [2/4/03 12:43:58 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics Inasfar as this treatise has a polemic interest it is directed against the moralists both religious and secular, who imagine that the egoism of individuals is being progressively checked by the development of rationality or the growth of a religiously inspired goodwill and that nothing but the continuance of this process is ne cessary to establish social harmony between all the human societies and collectives. Social analyses and prophecies made by moralists, sociologists and educators upon the basis of these assumptions lead to a very considerable moral and political confusion in our day. They completely disregard the political necessities in the struggle for justice in human society by failing to recognise those elements in mans collective behavior which belong to the order of nature and can never be brought completely under the dominion of reason or conscience. They do not recognise that when collective power, whether in the form of imperialism or class domination, exploits weakness, it can never be dislodged unless power is raised against it. If conscience and reason can be insinuated into the resulting struggle they can only qualify but not abolish it. The most persistent error of modern educators and moralists is the assumption that our social difficulties are due to the failure of the social sciences to keep pace with the physical sciences which have created our technological civilisation. The invariable implication of this assumption is that, with a little more time, a little more adequate moral and social pedagogy and a generally higher development of human intelligence, our social problems will approach solution. It is, declares Professor John Dewey, our human intelligence and our human courage which is on trial; it is incredible that men who have brought the technique of physical discovery, invention and use to such a pitch of perfection will abdicate in the face of the infinitely more important human problem. What stands in the way (of a planned economy) is a lot of outworn traditions, moth-eaten slogans and catch words that do substitute duty for thought, as well as our entrenched predatory self-interest. We shall only make a real beginning in intelligent thought when we cease mouthing platitudes. Just as soon as we begin to use the knowledge and skills we have, to control social consequences in the interest of a shared, abundant and secured life, we shall cease to complain of the backwardness of our social knowledge. We shall then take the road which leads to the assured building up of social science just as men built up physical science when they actively used techniques and tools and numbers in physical experimentation. (John Dewey, Philosophy and Civilization [New York: Minton, Balch], p. 329. In spite of Professor Deweys great interest in and understanding of the modern social problem there is very little clarity in this statement. The real cause of social inertia, our predatory self-interest, is mentioned only in passing without influencing his reasoning, and with no indication that he understands how much social conservatism is due to the economic interests of the owning classes. On the whole, social conservatism is ascribed to ignorance, a viewpoint which states only p art of the truth and reveals the natural bias of the educator. The suggestion that we will only make a beginning in intelligent thought when we cease mouthing platitudes, is itself so platitudinous that it rather betrays the confusion of an analyst who has no clear counsels about the way to overcome social inertia. The idea that we cannot be socially intelligent until we begin experimentation in social problems in the way that the physical scientists experimented fails to take account of an important difference between the physical file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitem=1=415. tm (2 of 8) [2/4/03 12:43:58 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics and the social sciences. The physical sciences gained their freedom when they overcame the traditionalism based on ignorance, but the traditionalism which the social sciences face is based upon the economic interest of the dominant social classes who are trying to maintain their special privileges in society. Nor can the difference between the very character of social and physical sciences be overlooked. Complete rational objectivity in a social situation is impossible. The very social scientists who are so anxious to offer our generation counsels of salvation and are disappointed that an ignorant and slothful people are so slow to accept their wisdom, betray middle-class prejudices in almost everything they write. Since reason is always, to some degree, the servant of interest in a social situation, social injustice cannot be resolved by moral and rational suasion alone, as the educator and social scientist usually believes. Conflict is inevitable, and in this conflict power must be challenged by power. That fact is not recognized by most of the educators, and only very grudgingly admitted by most of the social scientists. If social conflict be a part of the process of gaining social justice, the idea of most of Professor Neweys disciples that our salvation depends upon the development of experimental procedures? ( Cf. inter alia, John Childs, Education and the Philosophy of Experimentalism, p. 37. in social life, commensurate with the experimentalism of the physical sciences, does not have quite the plausibility which they attribute to it. Contending factions in a social struggle require morale; and morale is created by the right dogmas, symbols and emotionally potent oversimplifications. These are at least as necessary as the scientific spirit of tentativity. No class of industrial workers will ever win freedom from the dominant classes if they give themselves completely to the experimental techniques of the modern educators. They will have to believe rather more firmly in the justice and in the probable triumph of their cause, than any impartial science would give them the right to believe, if they are to have enough energy to contest the power of the strong. They may be very scientific in projecting their social goal and in choosing the most effective instruments for its attainment, but a motive force will be required to nerve them for their task which is not easily derived from the cool objectivity of science. Modern educators are, like rationalists of all the ages, too enamored of the function of reason in life. The world of history, particularly in mans collective behavior, will never be conquered by reason, unless reason uses tools, and is itself driven by forces which are not rational. The sociologists as a class, understand the modern social problem even less than the educators. They usually interpret social conflict as the result of a clash between different kinds of behavior patterns, which can be eliminated if the contending parties will only allow the social scientist to furnish them with a new and more perfect pattern which will do justice to the needs of both parties. With the educators they regard ignorance rather than self-interest as the cause of conflict. Apparently, declares Kimball Young, the only way in which collective conflicts, as well as individual conflicts, can be successfully and hygienically solved is by securing a redirection of behavior toward a more feasible environmental objective. This can be accomplished most successfully by the rational reconditioning of attitudes on a higher neuropsychic or intellectual symbolic plane to the facts of science, preferably through a free file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. ll-action=showitemgotochapter=1id=415. htm (3 of 8) [2/4/03 12:43:58 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics discussion with a minimum of propaganda. This is not an easy road to mental and social sanity but it appears to be the only one which arrives at the goal. ( Kimball Young, Social Attitudes p. 72) Here a technique which works very well in individual relations, and in certain types of social conflict due to differences in culture, is made a general panacea. How is it to solve the problem between England and India? Through the Round-Table Conference? But how much would England have granted India at the conference if a non-co-operation campaign, a type of conflict, had not forced the issue? A favorite counsel of the social scientists is that of accommodation. If two parties are in a conflict, let them, by conferring together, moderate their demands and arrive at a modus vivendi. This is, among others, the advice of Professor Hornell Hart. (Hornell Hart, The Science of Social Relations. ) Undoubtedly there are innumerable conflicts which must be resolved in this fashion. But will a disinherited group, such as the Negroes for instance, ever win full justice in society in this fashion? Will not even its most minimum demands seem exorbitant to the dominant whites, among whom only a very small minority will regard the inter-racial problem from the perspective of objective justice? Or how are the industrial workers to follow Professor Harts advice in dealing with industrial owners, when the owners possess so much power that they can win the debate with the workers, no matter how unconvincing their arguments ? Only a very few sociologists seem to have learned that an adjustment of a social conflict, caused by the disproportion of power in society, will hardly result in justice as long as the disproportion of power remains. Sometimes the sociologists are so completely oblivious to the real facts of an industrial civilisation that, as Floyd Allport for instance, they can suggest that the unrest of industrial workers is due not to economic injustice but to a sense of inferiority which will be overcome just as soon as benevolent social psychologists are able to teach the workers that no one is charging them with inferiority except themselves. ( FIoyd Allport, Social Psychology, pp. 14-17. ) These omniscient social scientists will also teach the owners that interests and profits must be tempered by regard for the worker. Thus the socialisation of individual control in industry will obviate the necessity of socialistic control. Most of the social scientists are such unqualified rationalists th at they seem to imagine that men of power will immediately check their exactions and pretensions in society, as soon as they have been apprised by the social scientists that their actions and attitudes are anti-social. Professor Clarence Marsh Case, in an excellent analysis of the social problem, places his confidence in a reorganisation of valuesin which, among other things, industrial leaders must be made to see that despotically controlled industry in a society that professes democracy as an article of faith is an anachronism that cannot endure. ( Clarence Marsh Case, Social Process and Human Progress, p. 233. ) It may be that despotism cannot endure but it will not abdicate merely because the despots have discovered it to be anachronistic. Sir Arthur Salter, to name a brilliant economist among the social scientists, finishes his penetrating analysis of the distempers of our civilisation by expressing the usual hope that a higher intelligence or a sincerer morality will prevent the governments of the future from perpetrating the mistakes of the past. His own analysis proves conclu-sively that the failure of governments is due to the pressure of economic interest upon them rather than to the limited capacities of uman wisdom. In his own words file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitemgotochapter=1id=415. htm (4 of 8) [2/4/03 12:43:58 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics government is failing above all because it has become enmeshed in the task of giving discretionary, particularly preferential, privileges to competitive industry. (Sir Arthur Salter, Recovery, p. 41) In spite of this analysis Sir Arthur expects the governments to redeem our civilisation by becoming more socially minded an d he thinks that one method which will help them to do so is to draw into the service of the public the great private institutions which represent the organised activities of the country, chambers of commerce, banking institutions, industrial and labor organisations. His entire hope for recovery rests upon the possibility of developing a degree of economic disinterestedness among men of power which the entire history of mankind proves them incapable of acquiring. It is rather discouraging to find such naive confidence in the moral capacities of collective man, among men who make it their business to study collective human behavior. Even when, as Professor Howard Odum, they are prepared to admit that conflict will be necessary as long as unfairness in the distribution of the rewards of labor exists, they put their hope in the future. They regard social conflict as only an expedient of the moment until broader principles of education and cooperation can be established. (Howard W. Odum, Mans Quest for Social Guidance, p. 477. ) Anarchism, with an uncoerced and voluntary justice, seems to be either an explicit or implicit social goal of every second social scientist. Modern religious idealists usually follow in the wake of social scientists in advocating compromise and accommodation as the way to social justice. Many leaders of the church like to insist that it is not their business to champion the cause of either labor or capital, but only to admonish both sides to a spirit of fairness and accommodation. Between the far-visioned capitalism of Owen Young and the hard-headed socialism of Ramsay MacDonald, declares Doctor Justin Wroe Nixon, there is probably no impassable gulf. The progress of mankind . . . depends upon following the MacDonalds and Youngs into those areas. (Justin Wroe Nixon, An Emerging Christian Faith p. 294) Unfortunately, since those lines were written the socialism of MacDonald has been revealed as not particularly hard-headed, and the depr ession has shown how little difference there really is between Mr. Youngs new capitalism and the older and less suave types of capitalism. What is lacking among all these moralists, whether re1igious or rational, is an understanding of the brutal character of the behavior of all human collectives, and the power of self-interest and collective egoism in all intergroup relations. Failure to recognise the stubborn resistance of group egoism to all moral and inclusive social objectives inevitably involves them in unrealistic and confused political thought. They regard social conflict either as an impossible method of achieving morally ap- proved ends or as a momentary expedient which a more perfect education or a purer religion will make unnecessary. They do not see that the limitations of the human imagination, the easy subservience of reason to prejudice and passion, and the consequent persistence of irrational egoism, particularly in group behavior, make social conflict an inevitability in human history, probably to its very end. The romantic overestimate of human virtue and moral capacity, current in our modern middlefile:///D:/rb/relsearchd. ll-action=showitemgotochapter=1id=415. htm (5 of 8) [2/4/03 12:43:58 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics class culture, does not always result in an unrealistic appraisal of present social facts. Contemporary social situations are frequently appraised quite realistically, but the hope is expressed that a new pedagogy or a revival of religion will make conflict unn ecessary in the future. Nevertheless a considerable portion of middle-class culture remains quite unrealistic in its analysis of the contemporary situation. It assumes that evidences of a growing brotherliness between classes and nations are apparent in the present moment. It gives such arrangements as the League of Nations, such ventures as the Kellogg Pact and such schemes as company industrial unions, a connotation of moral and social achievement which the total facts completely belie. There must, declares Professor George Stratton, a social psychologist, always be a continuing and widening progress. But our present time seems to promise distinctly the close of an old epoch in world relations and the opening of a new. Under the solemn teaching of the War, most of the nations have made political commitments which are of signal promise for international discipline and for still further and more effective governmental acts. (George M. Stratton, Social Psychology and International Conduct, pp. 355-361. ) This glorification of the League of Nations as a symbol of a new epoch in international relations has been very general, and frequently very unqualified, in the Christian churches, where liberal Christianity has given itself to the illusion that all social relations are being brought progressively under the law of Christ. William Adams Brown speaks for the whole liberal Christian viewpoint when he declares: From many different centres and in many different forms the crusade for a unified and brotherly society is being carried on. The ideal of the League of Nations in which all civilised people shall be represented and in which they shall cooperate with one another in fighting common enemies like war a nd disease is winning recognition in circles which have hitherto been little suspected of idealism. . . In relations between races, in strife between capital and labor, in our attitudes toward the weaker and more dependent members of society we are developing a social conscience, and situations which would have been accepted a generation ago as a matter of course are felt as an intolerable scandal. (William Adams Brown, Pathways to Certainty, p. 246. ) Another theologian and pastor, Justin Wroe Nixon, thinks that another reason for believing in the growth of social statesmanship on the part of business leaders is based upon their experience as trustees in various philanthropic and educational enterprises. (Justin Wroe Nixon, An Emerging Christian Faith, p. 291) This judgment reveals the moral confusion of liberal Christianity with perfect clarity. Teachers of morals who do not see the difference between the problem of charity within the limits of an accepted social system and the p roblem of justice between economic groups, holding uneven power within modern industrial society, have simply not faced the most obvious differences between the morals of groups and those of individuals. The suggestion that the fight against disease is in the same category with the fight against war reveals the same confusion. Our contemporary culture fails to realise the power, extent and persistence of group egoism in human relations. It may be possible, though it is never easy, to establish just relations between individuals within a group purely by moral and rational suasion and accommodation. In intergroup relations this is practically an impossibility. The relations between groups must therefore always be predominantly political rather than ethical, that is, they will be determined by the proportion of power which each group possesses at least as much as by any rational and moral appraisal of the comparative needs and claims of each group. The coercive factors, in file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitemgotochapter=1id=415. htm (6 of 8) [2/4/03 12:43:58 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics distinction to the more purely moral and rational factors, in political relations can never be sharply differentiated and defined. It is not possible to estimate exactly how much a party to a social conflict is influenced by a rational argument or by the threat of force. It is impossible, for instance, to know what proportion of a privileged class accepts higher inheritance taxes because it believes that such taxes are good social policy and what proportion submits merely because the power of the state supports the taxation policy. Since political conflict, at least in times when controversies have not reached the point of crisis, is carried on by the threat, rather than the actual use, of force, it is always easy for the casual or superficial observer to overestimate the moral and rational factors, and to remain oblivious to the covert types of coercion and force which are used in the conflict. Whatever increase in social intelligence and moral goodwill may be achieved in human history, may serve to mitigate the brutalities of social conflict, but they cannot abolish the conflict itself. That could be accomplished only if human groups, whether racial, national or economic, could achieve a degree of reason and sympathy which would permit them to see and to understand the interests of others as vividly as they understand their own, and a moral goodwill which would prompt them to affirm the rights of others as vigorously as they affirm their own. Given the inevitable limitations of human nature and the limits of the human imagination and intelligence, this is an ideal which individuals may approximate but which is beyond the capacities of human societies. Educators who emphasise the pliability of human nature, social and psychological scientists who dream of socialising man and religious idealists who strive to increase the sense of moral responsibility, can serve a very useful function in society in humanising individuals within an established social system and in purging the relations of individuals of as much egoism as possible. In dealing with the problems and necessities of radical social change they are almost invariably confusing in their counsels because they are not conscious of the limitations in human nature which finally frustrate their efforts. The following pages are devoted to the task of analysing the moral resources and limitations of human nature, of tracing their consequences and cumulative effect in the life of human groups and of weighing political strategies in the light of the ascertained facts. The ultimate purpose of this task is to find political methods which will offer the most promise of achieving an ethical social goal for society. Such methods must always be judged by two criteria: 1. Do they do justice to the moral resources and possibilities in human nature and provide for the exploitation of every latent moral capacity in man? 2. Do they take account of the limitations of human nature, particularly those which manifest themselves in mans collective behavior? So persistent are the moralistic illusions about politics in the middle-class world, that any emphasis upon the second question will probably impress the average reader as unduly cynical. Social viewpoints and analyses are relative to the temper of the age which gives them birth. In America our contemporary culture is still pretty firmly enmeshed in the illusions and sentimentalities of the Age of Reason. A social analysis which is written, at least partially, from the perspective of a disillusioned generation will seem to be almost pure cynicism from the perspective of those who will stand in the credo of the ninteenth century. file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitemgotochapter=1id=415. htm (7 of 8) [2/4/03 12:43:58 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics 0 file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitemgotochapter=1id=415. tm (8 of 8) [2/4/03 12:43:58 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics return to religion-online Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics by Reinhold Niebuhr One of the foremost philsophers and theologians of the twentieth century, Reinhold Niebuhr was for many years a Professor at Union Theological Seminary, New York City. He is the author of many classics in thei r field, including The Nature and Destiny of Man, Moral Man and Immoral Society, The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, and Discerning the Signs of Our Times. He was also the founding editor of the publication Christianity and Crisis. Published in 1932 by Charles Scribners Sons. This material was prepared for Religion Online by Ted and Winnie Brock. Chapter 1: Man and Society: The Art of Living Together Though human society has roots which lie deeper in history than the beginning of human life, men have made comparatively but little progress in solving the problem of their aggregate existence. Each century originates a new complexity and each new generation faces a new vexation in it. For all the enturies of experience, men have not yet learned how to live together without compounding their vices and covering each other with mud and with blood. The society in which each man lives is at once the basis for, and the nemesis of, that fullness of life which each man seeks. However much human ingenuity may increase the treasures which nature provides for the satisfaction of human needs, they can never be sufficient to satisfy all human wants; f or man, unlike other creatures, is gifted and cursed with an imagination which extends his appetites beyond the requirements of subsistence. Human society will never escape the problem of the equitable distribution of the physical and cultural goods which provide for the preservation and fulfillment of human life. Unfortunately the conquest of nature, and the consequent increase in natures beneficences to man, have not eased, but rather accentuated, the problem of justice. The same technology, which drew the fangs of natures enmity of man, also created a society in which the intensity and extent of social cohesion has been greatly increased, and in which power is so unevenly distributed, that justice has become a more difficult achievement. Perhaps it is mans sorry fate, suffering from ills which have their source in the inadequacies of both nature and human society, that the tools by which he eliminates the former should become the means of increasing the latter. That, at least, has been his fate up to the present hour; and it may be that there will be no salvation for the human spirit from the more and more painful burdens of social injustice until the ominous tendency in human history has resulted in perfect tragedy. file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. ll-action=showitemgotochapter=2id=415. htm (1 of 11) [2/4/03 12:44:05 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics Human nature is not wanting in certain endowments for the solution of the problem of human society. Man is endowed by nature with organic relations to his fellowmen; and natural impulse prompts him to consider the needs of others even when they compete with his own. With the higher mammals man shares concern for his offspring; and the long infan cy of the child created he basis for an organic social group in the earliest period of human history. Gradually intelligence, imagination, and the necessities of social conflict increased the size of this group. Natural impulse was refined and extended until a less obvious type of consanguinity than an immediate family relationship could be made the basis of social solidarity. Since those early days the units of human cooperation have constantly grown in size, and the areas of significant relationships between the units have likewise increased. Nevertheless conflict between the national units remains as a permanent rather than a passing characteristic of their relations to each other; and each national unit finds it increasingly difficult to maintain either peace or justice within its common life. While it is possible for intelligence to increase the range of benevolent impulse, and thus prompt a human being to consider the needs and rights of other than those to whom he is bound by organic and physical relationship, there are definite limits in the capacity of ordinary mortals which makes it impossible for them to grant to others what they claim for themselves. Though educators ever since the eighteenth century have given themselves to the fond illusion that justice through voluntary co-operation waited only upon a more universal or a more adequate educational enterprise, there is good reason to believe that the sentiments of benevolence and social goodwill will never be so pure or powerful, and the rational capacity to consider the rights and needs of others in fair competition with our own will never be so fully developed as to create the possibility for the anarchistic millennium which is the social utopia, either explicit or implicit, of all intellectual or religious moralists. All social co-operation on a larger scale than the most intimate social group requires a measure of coercion. While no state can maintain its unity purely by coercion neither can it preserve itself without coercion. Where the factor of mutual consent is strongly developed, and where standardised and approximately fair methods of adjudicating and resolving conflicting interests within an organised group have been established, the coercive factor in social life is frequently covert, and becomes apparent only in moments of crisis and in the groups policy toward recalcitrant individuals. Yet it is never absent. Divergence of interest, based upon geographic and functional differences within a society, is bound to create different social philosophies and political attitudes which goodwill and intelligence may partly, but never completely, harmonise. Ultimately, unity within an organised social group, or within a federation of such groups, is created by the ability of a dominant group to impose its will. Politics will to the end of history,be an area where conscience and power meet, where the ethical and coercive factors of human life will interpenetrate and work out their tentative and uneasy compromises. The democratic method of resolving social conflict, which some romanticists hail as a triumph of the ethical over the coercive factor, is really much more coercive than at first seems apparent. file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitemgotochapter=2id=415. htm (2 of 11) [2/4/03 12:44:05 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics The majority has its way, not because the minority believes that the majority is right (few minorities are willing to grant the majority the moral prestige of such a concession), but because the votes of the majority are a symbol of its social strength. Whenever a minority believes that it has some strategic advantage which outweighs the power of numbers, and whenever it is sufficiently intent upon its ends, or desperate enough about its position in society, it refuses to accept the dictates of the majority. Military and economic overlords and revolutionary zealots have been traditionally contemptuous of the will of majorities. Recently Trotsky advised the German communists not to be dismayed by the greater voting strength of the fascists since in the inevitable revolution the power of industrial workers, in charge of the nations industrial process, would be found much more significant than the social power of clerks and other petty bourgeoisie who comprised the fascist movement. There are, no doubt, rational and ethical factors in the democratic process. Contending social forces presumably use the forum rather than the battleground to arbitrate their differences in the democratic method, and thus differences are resolved by moral suasion and a rational adjustment of rights to rights. If political issues were really abstract questions of social policy upon which unbiased citizens were asked to commit themselves, the business of voting and the debate which precedes the election might actually be regarded as an educational programme in which a social group discovers its common mind. But the fact is that political opinions are inevitably rooted in economic interests of some kind or other, and only comparatively few citizens can view a problem of social policy without regard to their interest. Conflicting interests therefore can never be completely resolved; and minorities will yield only because the majority has come into control of the police power of the state and may, if the occasion arises, augment that power by its own military strength. Should a minority regard its own strength, whether economic or martial, as strong enough to challenge the ,power of the majority, it may attempt to wrest control of the state apparatus from the majority, as in the case of the fascist movement in Italy. Sometimes it will resort to armed conflict, even if the prospects of victory are none too bright, as in the instance of the American Civil War, in which the Southern planting interests, outvoted by a combination of Eastern industrialists and Western agrarians, resolved to protect their peculiar interests and privileges by a forceful dissolution of the national union. The coercive factor is, in other words, always present in politics. If economic interests do not conflict too sharply, if the spirit of accommodation partially resolves them, and if the democratic process has achieved moral prestige and historic dignity, the coercive factor in politics may become too covert to be visible to the casual observer. Nevertheless, only a romanticist of the purest water could maintain that a national group ever arrives at a common mind or becomes conscious of a general will without the use of either force or the threat of force. This is particularly true of nations, but it is also true, though in a slighter degree, of other social groups. Even religious communities, if they are sufficiently large, and if they deal with issues regarded as vital by their members, resort to coercion to preserve their unity. Religious organisations have usually availed themselves of a covert type of coercion (excommunication and the interdict) or they have called upon the police power of the state. file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitemgotochapter=2id=415. htm (3 of 11) [2/4/03 12:44:05 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics The limitations of the human mind and imagination, the inability of human beings to transcend their own interests sufficiently to envisage the interests of their fellowmen as clearly as they do their own makes force an inevitable part of the process of social cohesion. But the same force which guarantees peace also makes for injustice. Power, said Henry Adams, is poison; and it is a poison which blinds the eyes of moral insight and lames the will of moral purpose. The individual or the group which organises any society, however social its intentions or pretensions, arrogates an inordinate portion of social privilege to itself. The two most obvious types of power are the military and the economic, though in primitive society the power of the priest, partly because he dispenses supernatural benefits and partly because he establishes public order by methods less arduous than those of the soldier, vies with that of the soldier and the landlord. The chief difference between the agrarian civilisations, which lasted from the rise of ancient Babylon and Egypt to the fall of European feudalism, and the commercial and industrial civilisations of today is that in the former the military power is primary, and in the latter it has become secondary, to economic power. In agrarian civilisations the soldier becomes the landlord. In more primitive periods he may claim the land by his own military prowess. In later periods a grateful sovereign bestowed land upon the soldiers who defended his realm and consolidated his dominion. The soldier thus gained the economic security and the social prestige which could be exploited in further martial service to his sovereign. The business man and industrial overlord are gradually usurping the position of eminence and privilege once held by the soldier and the priest. In most European nations their ascendancy over the landed aristocrat of military traditions is not as complete as in America, which has no feudal traditions. In present-day Japan the military caste is still so powerful that it threatens to destroy the rising power of the commercial groups. On the pre-eminence of economic power in an industrial civilisation and its ability to make the military power its tool we shall have more to say later. Our interest at the moment is to record that any kind of significant social power develops social inequality. Even if history is viewed from other than equalitarian perspectives, and it is granted that differentials in economic rewards are morally justified and socially useful, it is impossible to justify the degree of inequality which complex societies inevitably create by the increased centralisation of power which develops with more elaborate civilisations. The literature of all ages is filled with rational and moral justifications of these inequalities, but most of them are specious. If superior abilities and services to society deserve special rewards it may be regarded as axiomatic that the rewards are always higher than the services warrant. No impartial society determines the rewards. The men of power who control society grant these perquisites to themselves. Whenever special ability is not associated with power, as in the case of the modern professional man, his excess of income over the average is ridiculously low in comparison with that of the economic overlords, who are the real centres of power in an industrial society. Most rational and social justifications of unequal privilege are clearly afterthoughts. The facts are created by the disproportion of power which exists in a given social system. The justifications are usually dictated by the desire of the men of power to hide the nakedness of their greed, and by the inclination of society itself to veil the brutal facts of human life from itself. This is a rather pathetic but understandable inclination; since the facts of mans collective life easily rob the average individual of confidence in the human enterprise. The inevitable hypocrisy, which is associated with all of the |collective activities of the human race, springs chiefly from this file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. ll-action=showitemgotochapter=2id=415. htm (4 of 11) [2/4/03 12:44:05 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics source: that individuals have a moral code which makes the actions of collective man an outrage to their conscience. They therefore invent romantic and moral interpretations of the real facts, preferring to obscure rather than reveal the true character of their collective behavior Sometimes they are as anxious to offer moral jus tifications for the brutalities from which they suffer as for those which they commit. The fact that the hypocrisy of mans group behavior, about which we shall have much more to say later, expresses itself not only in terms of selfjustification but in terms of moral justification of human behavior in general, symbolises one of the tragedies of the human spirit: its inability to conform its collective life to its individual ideals. As individuals, men believe that they ought to love and serve each other and establish justice between each other. As racial, economic and national groups they take for themselves, whatever their power can command. The disproportion of power in a complex society which began with the transmutation of the pastoral to the agrarian economy, and which destroyed the simple equalitarianism and communism of the hunting and nomadic social organisation, has perpetuated social injustice in every form through all the ages. Types of power have changed, and gradations of social inequality have varied, but the essential facts have remained unchanged. In Egypt the land was divided into three parts, respectively claimed by the king, the soldiers and the priests. The common people were landless. In Peru, where a rather remarkable despotic communism developed, the king owned all the land but gave the use of one third to the people, another third to the priests and kept one third for himself and his nobles. Needless to say, the commoners were expected to till not only their third but the other two thirds of the lands. In China, where the emperor maintained the right of eminent domain for many centuries, defeating the experiment in feudalism in the third century A. D. , and giving each family inalienable rights in the soil which nominally belonged to him, there has probably been less inequality than in any other ancient empire. Nevertheless slavery persisted until a very recent day. In Japan the emperor gave the land to feudal princes, who again sublet it to the inferior nobility. The power of the feudal clans, originating in martial prowess and perpetuated through land ownership, has remained practically unbroken to this day, though the imperial power was ostensibly restored in the latter part of the last century, and growing industry has developed a class of industrial overlords who were partly drawn from the landed aristocracy. In Rome the absolute property rights of the pater familias of the patrician class gave him power which placed him on top of the social pyramid. All other classes, beginning with his own women and children, then the plebeians and finally the slaves, took their places in the various lower rungs of the social ladder. The efforts of the Gracchi to destroy the ever growing inequality, which resulted from power breeding more power, proved abortive, as did the land reforms of Solon and Lycurgus in Greece. Military conquest gave the owners of the Roman latifundia hundreds of slaves by the labor of which they reduced the small freeholders to penury. Thus the decay of the Roman Empire was prepared; for a state which has only lords and slaves lacks the social cement to preserve it from internal disintegration and the military force to protect it from external aggression. file:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitemgotochapter=2id=415. htm (5 of 11) [2/4/03 12:44:05 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics All through history one may observe the tendency of power to destroy its very raison detre. It is suffered because it achieves internal unity and creates external defenses for the nation. But it grows to such proportions that it destroys the social peace of the state by the animosities which its exactions arouse, and it enervates the sentiment of patriotism by robbing the common man of the basic privileges which might bind him to his nation. The words attributed by Plutarch to Tiberius Gracchus reveal the hollowness of the pretensions by which the powerful classes enlist their slaves in the defense of their dominions: The wild beasts in Italy had at least their lairs, dens and caves whereto they might retreat; whereas the men who fought and died for that land had nothing in it save air and light, but were forced to wander to and fro with their wives and children, without resting place or house wherein they might lodge. The poor folk go to war, to fight and to die for the delights, riches and superfluities of others. Plutarch, The Parallel Lives, see Tiberius Gracchus, Loeb Classical Library, Vol. X). In the long run these pretensions are revealed and the sentiment of patriotism is throttled in the breasts of the disinherited. The privileged groups who are outraged by the want of patriotism among modern proletarians could learn the cause of proletarian internationalism by a little study of history. It is absurd, says Dio dorus Siculus, speaking of Egypt, to entrust the defence of a country to people who own nothing in it,(Quoted by C. J. M. Letourneau, Property; Its Origin and Development. p. 77) a reflection which has applicability to other ages and other nations than his own. Russian communists of pure water pour their scorn upon European socialists, among whom patriotism outweighed class loyalty in the World War. But there is a very simple explanation for the nationalism of European socialists. They were not as completely, or at least not as obviously, disinherited as their Russian comrades. The history of slavery in all ancient civilisations offers an interesting illustration of the development of social injustice with the growing size and complexity of the social unit. In primitive tribal organisation rights are essentially equal within the group, and no rights, or only very minimum rights are recognised outside of the group. The captives of war are killed. With the growth of agriculture the labor of captives becomes useful, and they are enslaved rather than destroyed. Since rightless individuals are introduced into the intimate life of the group, equality of rights disappears; and the inequality remains even after the slaves are no longer regarded as enemies and have become completely organic to the life of the group. The principle of slavery once established, is enlarged to include debt slaves, victims of the growing property system. The membership of the debt slaves in the original community at first guarantees them rights which the captive slaves do not enjoy. But the years gradually wipe out these distinctions and the captive slaves are finally raised to the status of debtor slaves. Thus the more humane attitudes which men practice within their social groups gains a slight victory over the more brutal attitudes towards individuals in other groups. But the victory is insignificant in comparison with the previous introduction of the morals of inter group relations into the intimate life of the group by the very establishment of slavery. Barbarism knows little or nothing of class distinctions. These are created and more and more highly elaborated by civilisation. The social impulses, with which men are endowed by nature are not powerful enough, even when they are extended by a growing intelligence, to apply with equal force ile:///D:/rb/relsearchd. dll-action=showitem=2=415. htm (6 of 11) [2/4/03 12:44:05 PM] Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics toward all members of a large community. The distinction between slave and freeman is only one of the many social gradations which higher societies develop. They are determined in every case by the disproportion of power, military and economic, which develops in the more complex civilisations and in the larger social units. A growing social intelligence may be affronted by them and may protest against them, but it changes them only slightly. Neither the prophets of Israel nor the social idealists of Egypt and Babylon, who protested against social injustice, could make their vision of a just society effective. The man of power, though humane impulse may awaken in him, always remains something of the beast of prey. He may be generous within his family, and just within the confines of the group which shares his power and privilege. With only rare exceptions, his highest moral attitude toward members of other groups is one of warlike sportsmanship toward those who equal his power and challenge it, and one of philanthropic generosity toward those who possess less power and privilege. His philanthropy is a perfect illustration of the curious compound of the brutal and the moral which we find in all human behavior; for his generosity is at once a display of his power and an expression of his pity. His generous impulses freeze within him if his power is challenged or his generosities are accepted without grateful humility. If individual men of power should achieve more ethical attitudes than the one described, it remains nevertheless typical for them as a class; and is their practically unvarying attitude when they express themselves not as individuals but as a group. The rise of modern democracy, beginning with the Eighteenth Century, is sometimes supposed to have substituted the consent of the governed for the power of royal families and aristocratic classes as the cohesive force of national society. This judgment is partly true but not nearly as true as the uncritical devotees of modern democracy assume. The doctrine that government exists by the consent of the governed, and the democratic technique by which the suffrage of the governed determines the policy of the state, may actually reduce the coercive factor in national life, and provide for peaceful and gradual methods of resolving conflicting social interests and changing political institutions. But the creeds and institutions of democracy have never become fully divorced from the special interests of the commercial classes who conceived and developed them. It was their interest to destroy political restraint upon economic activity, and they therefore weakened the authority of the state and made it more pliant to their needs. With the increased centralisation of economic power in the period of modern industrialism, this development merely means that society as such does not control economic power as much as social well-being requires; and that the economic, rather than the political and military, power has become the significant coercive force of modern society. Either it defies the authority of the state or it bends the institutions of the state to its own purposes. Political power has been made responsible, but economic power has become irresponsible in society. The net result is that political power has been made more responsible to economic power. It is, in other words, again the man of power or the dominant class which binds society together, regulates its processes, always paying itself inordinate rewards for its labors. The difference is that

Business Ethics and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Ethics and Sustainability - Essay Example Reference is made to a specific case, as an example: the oil spill caused by BP in Mexico in 2010. Different ethical approaches are used for evaluating the role of parties in the specific ethical issue and for understanding how the effects of this issue, in terms of ethics, could be limited. Also, the following problem is explored: can a particular ethical theory be used for realising all aspects of an ethical issue in the business sector or a combination of different ethical approaches would be rather preferred? The examination and the analysis of the facts of the specific case, as based on appropriate literature, lead to the following assumption: business decisions and operations can be quite complex; current ethical approaches are not able, if used separately, to explain all ethical issue related to business activities no matter the size of a business. In the 20th of April 2010 a strong explosion occurred in BP’s ‘drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico’ (The Guardian, 2010). The site’s safety measures were proved quite problematic: a mechanism that had been established for controlling the leak of oil did not operate while no plan appeared for limiting the human losses in regard to the company’s staff in the particular site (The Guardian, 2010). As a result, about 11 employees died while 17 others suffered severe injuries; also, an extended oil slick was gradually developed affecting the natural environment, see waters and coasts, in the greater Gulf area (The Guardian, 2010). About ‘200 million gallons of oil’ (Geggel, 2015) have been released in the Gulf of Mexico during the 87 days that followed the explosion in BP’s particular drilling rig (Neuhauser, 2014). The damage caused on the area’s natural environment has been quite critical (Figure 1). Due to its effects on the environment, the specific incident was carefully investigated by the authorities, as of all its aspects. At a first

Procurement and Delivery Strategies Research Paper

Procurement and Delivery Strategies - Research Paper Example The growth of health services has seen a major rise in the Queensland region. There has been a significant increase in the number investments in the healthcare sector. The establishment of the Sunshine Coast University Hospital (SCUH) project is a shining example in this case. The proposed hospital is expected to start operating by the end of 2016 having bed capacity of 450. This would be gradually increased to 738 beds by the end of 2021. The total cost of the project has been pegged at $1.97 billion. The hospital is expected to provide a host of multi-specialty treatments to patients. Future plans of the project include providing specialized community based healthcare service to the local community, and setting up of an academic and research centre which would collaborate with the local universities for providing quality education and research opportunities for the potential health workforce of Queensland. The SCUH also plans to develop a private hospital on the campus located at K awana. The land procurement for this unit has started in 2010, and the unit is expected to be operational by the end of 2013, thereby, catering to the increasing healthcare requirements of the people of Kawana area (Queensland Government-a, 2010).http://www.buildinghealth.qld.gov.au/schospital/pdf/masterplan_es.pdf1.2Â  Background to Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)Public-Private Partnerships could be defined as an agreement or a contract between government and a private agency for funding a new venture.