Make Invisible Ink Using Lemon Juice

Use this easy recipe to make invisible ink. It only takes a few minutes to complete!  Lemon juice is acidic and weakens paper. When  paper  is heated, the remaining acid turns the writing  brown before discoloring the paper. Ingredients You only need a few simple materials to make invisible ink: Lemon or Lemon JuiceSunlight or Heat SourcePaperPaintbrush or Stick How to Make Invisible Ink Squeeze lemons to obtain their juice or obtain bottled lemon juice.Use the juice as ink by applying it to a stick or paintbrush and writing on paper.Allow the paper to dry.When you are ready to read your invisible message, hold the paper up to sunlight, a light bulb (recommended), or another heat source.The heat will cause the writing to darken to a pale brown, so your message can now be read.Another way to read the message is to put salt on the drying ink. After a minute, wipe the salt off and color over the paper with a wax crayon to reveal the message. Useful Tips Experiment with other juices. White wine, orange juice, vinegar, and apple juice all work well, too.A cotton swab makes an excellent disposable paintbrush.The writing turns brown because the weakened paper burns before the rest of the paper. Be careful not to overdo your heating and ignite the paper!

The Idea Expression Dichotomy - 1744 Words

Uncertainty in the Implementation of the Idea-Expression Dichotomy It is common ground in copyright law that the idea-expression dichotomy has long been applied as a basic principle. It provided that copyright protection only fixed on the expression of the idea, but not on the idea as such. No copyright infringement will be found if no expression but idea or method or system is copied. While the idea-expression dichotomy had been repeatedly expressed in case-law, it is remained to be a vaguely defined concept. Criticism arise that the idea-expression dichotomy is not a meaningful tool to resolve copyright disputes. For judges need a clear guidance in deciding the infringement and so as authors do in order to avoid copyright†¦show more content†¦Allowing the idea taking ‘transformative use’ of work is on the purpose of enhancing freedom of information spreading and preventing idea monopoly, which would eventually benefit to the public domain. It is not an ‘all or nothing’ decision to implement the copyright i nfringement determination. In contrast, there are no clear guidance to be follow in judging, inter alia, the transformative use where it is difficult to draw a line between idea and expression. Instead, instinct is being used to assist the separation. Judges have to analyse the individual facts by using their own value and backgrounds to determine the infringement, which lead to an unstable environment for the running of the infringement determination function. The overall approach of the idea-expression dichotomy may be harder to be reached. For the variation of the judgement may give no confidence for authors to do the transformative use of copyright works. In the US, doctrine of merger and scà ¨nes à   faire are introduced as techniques to make the distinction. 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Report on Intelligence and link to Gender Free Essays

string(89) " make with the ability to retrieve things by looking at objects and retrieving them \) \." In my study I am traveling to speak about intelligence: specifying the word intelligence, IQ proving and theoreticians work on intelligence, if there is any grounds linked with gender differences in intelligence. I will include possible factors that may impact gender differences in intelligence for case environmental and biological factors. The methods I will utilize to acquire grounds for this study are as follows ; I will utilize books on what theoreticians findings are on this topic, use the cyberspace and diaries. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Intelligence and link to Gender or any similar topic only for you Order Now The intent of this survey is to happen out, if there are any possible differences between gender, and associating this to intelligence. Encarta dictionary definition of intelligence ‘is the ability to larn facts and accomplishments and use them ‘ . Deary ‘s ( 2001, p.17 ) definition of intelligence ‘is a really general mental capableness that, among other things, involves the ability to ground, program, work out jobs, think abstractly, comprehend complex thoughts, learn rapidly and larn from experience ‘ . Galton ‘s familial mastermind is to make with the different degrees of intelligence measured by familial factors. Galton thought that higher intelligence was being passed down to kids. Day, Macaskill, A ; Maltby ( 2007 p.258 ) province that ‘intelligent people show the ability to react to the big scope of information gained through their senses ‘ . So the 5 senses of the human organic structure are critical such as odor, gustatory s ensation, hearing, sight and touch because this will find how intelligent a individual may be, if they do non utilize their senses right, the individual will hold less intelligence than those who can for case, a individual does non cognize the difference between Sweet and salty. A babe ‘s gustatory sensation and odor buds are really good because, the babe will cognize when it is clip for dinner by utilizing their odor sense. Babies use gustatory sensation buds good because when my brother was younger he would prefer to eat the sweet nutrient instead than the salt nutrient, it would take him longer to eat the salty nutrient, on the other manus when eating the sweet nutrient it wo n’t take every bit long as the salt nutrient. Cattell ‘s mental trial is to make with mensurating a individual ‘s intelligence through hearing and weight these experiments were carried out utilizing the psychometric theoretical account. Problems with this experiment Chamorro – premuzic ( 2007, p. 67 ) examined this and suggested that ‘ therefore, most of the variables he measured were more â€Å" elemental † than â€Å" mental † , and referred to really basic cognitive procedures that are now known to be related to intelligence ‘ . From this remark you can see that the experiment he did was more on the indispensable side of things such as how good child can hear and non based on mental accomplishments such as numeracy, jobs work outing or literacy. The IQ trial was developed by two Gallic scientists, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, the intent of the trial was to measure kids at school so that stupid kids or kids with behavioral troubles could have equal and appropriate instruction. IQ proving is to make with mensurating your intelligence for illustration comprehension, job resolution and concluding accomplishments. Criticisms of IQ proving are as follows they do non accurately step intelligence, and everyone has different stren gths and failings in different countries of intelligence, such as person could be good at job resolution, but have a failing in concluding accomplishments and another individual could be good at concluding accomplishments and non really good on job resolution. Howard Gardner ( multiple intelligence theory ) he put together eight different intelligence trials which were Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal and Naturalist. Criticism of the Theory like many theories environing intelligence, Gardner ‘s theory of multiple intelligences is controversial and widely criticised. In peculiar, there is uncertainty over his deficiency observed informations – many feel that the 8 ‘intelligences ‘ are merely alternate names for specific endowments or even personality types. Methodology I have used books, the cyberspace and diaries to roll up my informations. This method of researching is called secondary research. Secondary research is the usage of stuff, which has been researched by person else. The different research methods for secondary research are as follows: engineering based and instance surveies. Technology based research is to make with researching from the computing machine to acquire your information, which has a batch of benefits such as the cyberspace provides on-line libraries ; e-books, diaries and encyclopedia. The chief electronic databases I have used for my research were as follows Psycinfo, Psychology A ; Behavioural Sciences Collection and British ED index. The cardinal read was based on, intelligence and gender differences and how the hunt found a figure of diaries, but some were irrelevant, to what I was looking for. You can download information off the Internet but make certain it is copyright free. Search engines aid you through the mass of information on the Internet two most popular hunt engines are yahoo and google etc ; besides on the cyberspace you can seek for newspaper articles. Case surveies published by other research workers can be used as secondary footing of informations. There is a batch of ways you can utilize them such as identify differences and discuss comparings. I did non utilize primary research because this is to make with transporting out your ain research. The different research methods for primary research are interviews, experiments, questionnaires and observations etc. I did n’t utilize this method because I did n’t hold adequate clip to make this if I did I would hold done questionnaires to acquire my findings. Literature reappraisal There has been a batch of work done on intelligence and how this is linked to gender differences. Alan Feingold ( 1988 ) examined sex differences for spelling, verbal logical thinking, numerical ability, spacial relationship and linguistic communication and many more. Another individual who studied this was Larry Hedges and Amy Nowell ( 1995 ) , who looked at reading comprehension, vocabulary, mathematics, scientific discipline and spacial ability ( which is to make with the ability to retrieve things by looking at objects and retrieving them ) . You read "Report on Intelligence and link to Gender" in category "Essay examples" Maccoby and Jacklin ( 1974 ) suggested that work forces on norm do better on trials of spacial ability than adult females do. Supporting this ( Feingold, 1988 ; Hedges A ; Nowell, 1995 ) who have done surveies on spacial trials have proven this hypothesis. In contrast ( Feingold, 1988 ; Hedges A ; Nowell, 1995 ) have similarities in their experiments for illu stration they both tested numeracy accomplishments and literacy accomplishments. On the other manus adult females do better on reading comprehension and vocabulary than work forces do. APA study province that ‘some verbal undertakings show significant average differences favoring females. These include synonym coevals and verbal eloquence ( e.g. calling words that start with a given missive ) , with consequence size runing from d= 0.5 to 1.2 ( Gordon A ; Lee, 1986 ; Hines 1990 ) ‘ . Males have larger encephalons than females and encephalon size is positively correlated with intelligence. Among kids up to the age of around 14 yr the sex differences are smaller because misss mature earlier than male childs. Work done by Lubinski and Humphreys ( 1990 ) found that the criterion of divergence for males to be 7 per centum larger than for females. It has besides been hypothesised that work forces ‘s higher IQ mark may be direct effect of their larger encephalon sizes, a claim that has been backed up by consistent grounds of correlativities in the part of.30 between encephalon size and IQ tonss ( Rushton A ; Ackney 1996 ) . Macintosh ( 2007, p. 184 ) provinces that ‘ the critics would hold been better advised to oppugn whether one can do reasonable illations about differences in IQ between groups from grounds of their differences in the encephalon plus grounds of a within-group correlativity between encephalon size and IQ ‘ . Environmental factor impacting intelligence environmental factors play a big function in finding IQ in certain state of affairss. Malnutrition correlates with lower IQ, proposing that proper nutrition in childhood is critical for cognitive development. ( Cole, 2000:26 ) Even before kids go to school their parents will handle a male child and girl really different. Even in society throughout history this has occurred. A batch of research has gone into this ; your gender is an issue from the minute you are born. Auto matically society will state how a miss will act and how a male child will act. If it is a male child, oh he ‘s like that because he ‘s a male child and boys ever take longer to hold on it. The thought that intelligence and personality are mostly inherited has of import educational deductions. Environmental factors, e.g. household experiences, upbringing and schooling play a major function. ( Chamorro-Premuzic, 2008:99 ) . Biological factor impacting intelligence are as follows encephalon size, encephalon operation and testosterone. Testosterone is to make with males endocrines these are substances that travel around the human organic structure to consequence physiological activity, such as growing and metamorphosis Maltby et Al ( 2007, p.360 ) . Consequences or findings The figure below is from Hines ( 2003 ) and shows the magnitudes of some well-known sex differences in human behavior compared to the magnitude of the sex difference in tallness. hypertext transfer protocol: //sexes.martinsewell.com/Hines2003-1-1.png This graph shows that work forces do good in 3-D rotary motion 0.8 divergence units, maths job 0.3 divergence units, maths concept 0.1 divergence units which non much because the consequence size is little. On the other manus this graph shows that verbal eloquence is low in male childs than misss because vitamin D is a negative figure, which shows -0.3 on the graph. This tabular array shows the spread in 1989 was merely 6 % but 10yrs later it had increased to 10 % . It is suggested by S. Ball ( 2008 ) that this spread is an overall statistic and non capable particular he suggests that in 2004 the divergences of this spread was merely 1 % and that in some topics boys achieve better consequences than misss therefore it is non valid to state that all male childs or all misss achieve less in Gcse degrees Discussion The of import issues that I have found are that male childs have bigger encephalon sizes than misss, which is linked to better IQ trial tonss for male childs than misss. Another issue that I found is that male childs tend to make better on spacial accomplishments ; they find mathematics and scientific discipline more interesting to larn about. But on the other manus misss to break on verbal, comprehension and vocabulary accomplishments than male childs do. The importance of this survey was to happen out ; if there were any differences between genders in intelligence besides I was interested in happening this out so I undertook my research study on this topic. During the procedure of garnering the information, it was really interesting to happen out that work forces have bigger encephalons than adult females, which gives them better IQ mark than adult females. Decisions and recommendations The intent of this survey is to happen out, if there are any possible differences between gender, and associating this to intelligence. From making my research in this field, I have found that there is non much difference between male and females and theoreticians have backed this statement up for many old ages. Neisser 1996 province that ‘most standard trials of intelligence have been constructed so that there are no overall mark differences between females and males ‘ . The chief issues that affect intelligence in gender: Boys do better on spacial trials than misss ; in contrast to this misss do better in verbal, comprehension and vocabulary accomplishments. Brain size of males is bigger than females encephalon size which consequences in work forces acquiring better IQ tonss than adult females. If I carry out this survey once more, I would do betterments to the research I have done, by making my ain research in this field to see what consequences I get from making this, I can make this by transporting out questionnaires on IQ. Another manner I could better my research is inquiring people to take the IQ trial. With these consequences I can compare them to one another, to happen out if there are any possible differences. How to cite Report on Intelligence and link to Gender, Essay examples

Biology Notes Life on Earth + Digestive System Essay Example For Students

Biology Notes Life on Earth + Digestive System Essay Topic: patterns in nature Compare the digestive systems of mammals. Include: grazing herbivore, carnivore and a predominantly nectar feeding animal Major parts of mammalian digestive systemsgrazing herbivore GOAT carnivore CATpredominantly nectar feeding animal HONEY-POSSUM Mouth- no incisor or canine teeth depend on firm dental pad in front of hard palate, lower incisors, lips, and tongue to take food into mouths use molar teeth to grind food to increase surface area so that it is more exposed to digestive chemicals that help to break it down. These molars are used again to chew even further when the cud is regurgitated. mouth of a cat contains a pharynx, soft palate, hard palate and variety of teeth (incisors, canine, premolars and molars) takes its food in with teeth and lips Some chew the pieces, others swallow them whole saliva moistens food so it is easier to swallow tongue pushes food back through the pharynx into the esophagus tongue has range of papillae, including filiform (doesn’t contain taste buds), fungiform, vallate and foliate- elongated snout and long tongue covered in papillae that collect the pollen tongue moves in and out of mouth 2-3 times a second and is supported by the teeth, which are all very tiny, except for the two front teeth in the bottom jaw which act as main supporters for the tongue When tongue re-enters the mouth it scrapes against roof of mouth which contains ridges that scrape off the pollen Teeth- no upper teeth incisor or canines teeth they use are lower incisor teeth, alo ng with the dental pad in front of the hard palate, tongue and lips which are all depended on to take food into mouth- mouth of a cat contains a variety of different teeth: Canines– grab, hold tear prey Incisors– scrape meat off bones Molars and premolars– crush meat so it is easier to swallow See picture 1- only a few, tiny teeth incisors and canines are narrow and pointed cheek teeth flat with round tips lack of strong teeth because of no need to bite or crush food See picture 6 Esophagus- tube-like passageway from mouth to stomach opens into the stomach at the point where rumen and reticulum meet helps transport both gases and cud- begins at end of pharynx, continues down neck next to the trachea, through diaphragm, finally connecting with the stomach first passageway in digestive system, so often exposed to rough food which has not been fully chewed i. e. pieces of bone surface therefore has to be resistant to damage, so is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. See picture 2- simple tube that moves food from mouth to stomach At entry from esophagus to stomach the lining of the esophagus changes from stratified squamous (picture 2) to tall column shaped cells StomachGoat’s stomach has four compartments (see picture 3): 1) rumen: largest compartment. Here food is moistened and churned around to break down into smaller pieces Capacity: 11 -22 litres depending on food eaten 2) honey-combed reticulum: located just below entrance from esophagus into stomach. Part of the rumen, only separated by thin fold. Bacterial cellulases act on food here and food is made into round balls called cud which is regurgitated into mouth and chewed into small particles. Capacity: 1-2 L 3) omasum: after cud has been regurgitated and cellulose broken down, it is re-swallowed and moves into the omasum, consisting of layers of tissue that grind up cud and remove some water from it. Capacity: approx 1L 4) abomasum ‘true stomach’: functions similarly to human stomachs. Contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that break down food particles before entering small intestine. Capacity: approx. 4L- stomach of a cat is designed to store large amounts of food and begin digestive process esophagus carries food into the stomach, where it enters through a valve called the cardiac sphincter lining of stomach has many folds called gastric folds, which elp crush and grind food stomach lining also secretes acids and enzymes which break down the food Once stomach digestive process is done, the partly digested food exits the stomach through the pyloric sphincter area and then enters first part of the small intestine (duodenum) Most food leaves the cat’s stomach within 12 hours after entering- two chambers: the main chamber and the diverticulum (the smaller chamber) stomach wall is lined with ridges and also epithelial cells which produce mucus, but no pep sinogen is secreted so no protein is digested in the stomach stomach merely acts as a storage place for nectar and pollen Small intestine- as partly digested food enters first part of small intestine (duodenum), enzymes produced and secreted by the pancreas break down nutrients from food into simple compounds These compounds are absorbed mainly from the jejunum and ileum (2nd and 3rd part of small intestine), into the blood stream lining of wall is covered in many small fingerlike projections called villi see picture 4, which increase surface area for absorption- small intestine is lined with villi (for larger surface area for absorption) see picture 4 has blood vessels which take nutrients to other parts of the body three sections: duodenum, jejunum and ileum Duodenum – section where Jejunum – largest part of small intestine, section where most of the absorption takes place Ileum – final section of small intestine, where absorption process ends- Honey-Poss um lacks a Caecum, which makes it difficult to identify where small intestine finishes and where large intestine starts we do know that pollen is digested in both the small and large intestines. Caecum- located at point where small and large intestines meet Digestion in caecum is done by microorganisms which break down the cellulose fibres in plant material. caecum of a goat can hold up to 1 litre! small, comma-shaped pouch which hangs just below the point where the ileum meets the large intestine compared to most carnivores, caecum of a cat is very small, and its function is unknown- Honey-Possum does not actually have a caecum Large intestine- Undigested food and unabsorbed nutrients leaving small intestine move into large intestine functions include water absorption and further digestion of food by microorganisms large intestine of a goat is made up of the colon and rectum- large intestine connects the small intestine to the anus larger in diameter than small intestine, bu t shorter in length made up of caecum, rectum and colon (longest section) Main functions are water absorption, keeping the body’s hydration level constant, and to store faeces waiting to leave the body- Honey-Possum has no Caecum, which makes it hard to tell where small intestine finishes and large intestine starts we do know that pollen is digested in both small and large intestines faeces waiting to leave body is stored at the end of the large intestine Digestive juices and Enzymes- Enzymes secreted by pancreas are important in digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats Bile produced by liver and stored and secreted by gall bladder helps soften the fat particles in preparation for digestion stomach contains bacteria and protozoa which break down cellulose walls, as well as hydrochloric acid, pepsin and lipase which break down plant proteins and fats- As food passes into stomach, the stomach lining secretes acids and enzymes needed to break down food pancreas and li ver supply enzymes needed to break down fats and proteins so they can enter into blood stream Bile that is stored in the gall bladder is mixed with the food in the duodenum to chemically break down food even further- honey possum’s stomach produces mucus from the epithelial cells that cover lining of the stomach wall. However, this mucus contains no protein digesting enzyme (pepsinogen) Faeces- Goat faeces are formed in end part of the colon comes out as small, dry pellets. See picture 5- faeces of a cat is stored in end section of large intestine called the rectum colour and texture varies depending on cat’s diet- Almost all pollen grains that are excreted in faeces are empty, as the content of the pollen is digested in stomach and intestines Why are they different? Mouth + Teeth The main difference in the mouths of the mammals’ digestive systems are the teeth. Essay on Analysis Of The Book Thief By Markus Zusak EssayA carnivore’s faeces vary in colour and texture, as their diet often changes between different species and breeds. When a nectar feeding mammal’s faeces is excreted, the pollen grains are empty, as the content of the pollen has been digested in the stomach and intestine to provide the nutrients needed for the animal to survive. Topic: life on Earth Describe the experiments of Urey and Miller and use available evidence to analyse the: a)Reason for their experiment(s) b)Result of their experiment(s) c)Importance of their experiment(s) in illustrating the nature and practice of science (i. e. scientific method) d)Contribution to hypotheses about the origin of life (supported? Refuted? ) In 1953 Professor Harold C. Urey of the University of Chicago and his graduate student Stanley L. Miller created an experiment to test the hypothesis made by Oparin and Haldane which stated that ‘organic chemicals were produced from non-living matter on the early Earth’ – Biology in Context. Miller set up a series of glass tubes and flasks connected in a loop with a lower chamber of water representing oceans and an upper chamber representing the atmosphere. The liquid was heated to make evaporation occur and electric currents were passed through the atmosphere chamber to simulate energy such as lightning that is thought to be common in the early atmosphere. The atmosphere was then cooled so that the water could condense and slowly return back into the first flask and the cycle would begin again. The tests were carried out for one week and at the end of the week Miller and Urey observed that 10-15% of the carbon had formed organic compounds and 2% of the carbon had formed amino acids (including glycine and alanine) that are used to make proteins. Sugars, lipids and some of the building blocks for nucleic acids were also formed. a)Reason for their experiment(s) The purpose of Urey and Miller’s experiment was to investigate whether it would be possible for non-living matter to create organic chemicals under the conditions thought to be present in the early Earth. They essentially designed their experiment to test the hypothesis made by Oparin and Haldane. The experiment was designed to simulate conditions of the unstable early Earth and to test for biological chemicals. b)Result of their experiment(s) Urey and Miller’s experiment proves that certain organic compounds such as amino acids, could be made under the conditions that scientists considered to be present on early Earth. However, the experiment does not prove that this is how life began or that this is the way those particular compounds were created either. It also does not prove that early Earth was how Oparin and Haldane suggested it. c)Importance of their experiment(s) in illustrating the nature and practice of science (i. e. cientific method) The scientific method is a process used when designing and carrying out an experiment. The first step is to ask a question about something that you observe, then to do background research on the topic. After this you must construct a hy pothesis, test it with an experiment and record your results. You must then draw a conclusion and state whether your hypothesis is true or not. Urey and Miller’s experiment illustrates the nature and practice of science through their thorough use of the scientific method. They took the hypothesis of Oparin and Haldane and developed a controlled experiment to test whether this hypothesis could be correct. After researching their idea they came up with the best way to experiment to get the most reliable results. After performing their experiment, they clearly recorded the data that they came up with without changing it. Their experiment was reproducible so that others can try it and come up with the same results. Although the results of their experiment are often argued over by different scientists around the world, Urey and Miller have created a stable base for further research into the origins of the Earth. d)Contribution to hypotheses about the origin of life (supported? Refuted? ) There are many theories about the origin of life. One theory – Spontaneous Generation – supports the idea that life spontaneously arises from non-living matter. This theory was accepted as ‘fact’ until it was scientifically tested by Francesco Redi in 1668, who discovered that maggots came from eggs laid by flies and did not just spontaneously arise. But it was not until 1862 that people stopped believing in spontaneous generation when Louis Pasteur convinced them that it does not occur. Another theory is that our DNA and RNA come from outer space and arrived here during the time of early Earth. A third theory is that life came from non-living matter on early Earth. This theory began from a hypothesis made by two scientists, Oparin and Haldane, but was not actually tested until 1953 by Miller and Urey. Urey and Miller contributed greatly to Oparin and Haldane’s hypothesis of the origin of life, as they were the first to actually test it. Their experiment half supported the hypothesis, as it proved that it is possible for non-living matter to produce organic chemicals under specific conditions. But it did not completely support the hypothesis, as their experiment did not prove that this was how life on Earth began, or that early Earth was how Oparin and Haldane suggested it. Urey and Miller’s experiment significantly contributed to Oparin and Haldane’s hypothesis of the origin of life, and provided a base for further investigation of this theory.